qualify sb to do_be prepared to_qualify sb for(6)

5、subject matter n.主题，主要内容

subject-matter knowledge 在这里指教师对所教授科目的知识，学科知识

6、pedagogical a.教学法的

7、novice n.初学者，新手

8、apprenticeship 学徒期

9、bring sb on 帮助（学习者）进步，促使提高

这些技能的培养说来容易做起来难。和其他复杂技能一样，掌握教学方法的途径不是通过深奥晦涩的理论，而是基于学科知识与教学方式的有指导性的实践。受培训者应在教室花费更多时间。学生表现最好的那些地方，如芬兰、新加坡、上海，通过学徒制考验新手教员。在美国，学生表现较好的特许学校的教师培训走上课堂，以指导和反馈的方式帮助他们进行自我提升。

Teacher-training institutions need to be more rigorous—rather as a century ago medical schools raised the calibre of doctors by introducing systematic curriculums and providing clinical experience. It is essential that teacher-training colleges start to collect and publish data on how their graduates perform in the classroom. Courses that produce teachers who go on to do little or nothing to improve their pupils’ learning should not receive subsidies or see their graduates become teachers. They would then have to improve to survive.

NOTES：

1、calibre (US caliber) /?k?l?b?(r)/ n.品质，尤指人的能力（the quality of sth, esp. a persons ability）

2、curriculum n.课程

师范院校需更加严谨——就像一个世纪以前的医学院校，通过引进系统学习课程和提供临床经验来提升医生的能力。开始收集并公布他们毕业生在课堂上的表现的数据对师范院校来说至关重要。如果课程培养出来的教师仍然对提高学生的学习帮助不大或根本没有帮助，那么这样的课程就不应该再接受补助，或者这样培养出来的学生不能成为教师。这样就会倒逼学校进行课程改革以生存下去。

Big changes are needed in schools, too, to ensure that teachers improve throughout their careers. Instructors in the best ones hone their craft through observation and coaching. They accept critical feedback—which their unions should not resist, but welcome as only proper for people doing such an important job. The best head teachers hold novices’ hands by, say, giving them high-quality lesson plans and arranging for more experienced teachers to cover for them when they need time for further study and practice.

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