高性能计算机在世界的发展 闾国年：地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视(2)

It put forward that a six-element expression model of geographic information, including spatial location, semantic deion, attribute characteristics, geometric form, evolution process, and objects relationship。Under the guidance of the laws of geography, for geographical phenomenon of spatial distribution, temporal pattern and evolution process, the interaction mechanism of the integrated expression, system analysis and efficient management, it designed that a unified GIS data model which is expressed by six basic elements, a new GIS data structure driven by geographical rules and interaction, and key technologies of unstructured spatio-temporal data organization and storage。

It provided that a theoretical basis and technical support for the shift from the surveying and mapping geographic information to the scientific geographic information, and it can help improving the organization, management, analysis and expression ability of the GIS of the geographical laws such as geographical pattern, evolution process, and interaction between elements。

Key words: geographic informationsix-element expression modeldata modeldata structuredatabase

1 地理信息内涵发展回顾

自1963年文献[1]提出并建立了世界上第1个地理信息系统软件以来，地理信息的内涵经历了大致4个不同阶段的演变(见图 1)。早期的地理信息以地图数据管理和计算机辅助制图为目标，对现实世界的抽象主要基于几何和属性进行概括，从连续和离散视角分别发展形成了矢量、栅格等数据模型。该阶段地理信息表达方法主要从对象的坐标、形状和属性的角度进行对象描述。其中对象语义、属性等信息均存储于属性表中，并通过ID与对象关联，在数据组织和数据结构上以分层、分要素的拓扑模型等为代表，而空间关系及过程性的信息通过空间分析计算加以体现。该阶段GIS发展更多地继承了传统地图学的发展，“定位+几何+属性”成为测绘地理信息基本框架，在对地理环境进行抽象表达时抽象程度高且主要面向数据管理，难以对地理对象和地理现象过程和规律进行表达，也难以表达其细节层次。

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