b2科目四模拟试题多少题驾考考爆了怎么补救
b2科目四模拟试题多少题 驾考考爆了怎么补救

qualify exam_medical exam 18_qualify exam知乎(2)

电脑杂谈  发布时间:2017-05-26 23:04:10  来源:网络整理

6.How lithium cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus —— 这个源自心里的信念:我是医生,从病人身上学习。所以我开始回忆一些我学临床时不知道怎么解释机理的疾病。然后就信手写下这个,后来一pubmed,原来已经被回答了,

7.Why thiazide treats nephrogenic diabetesinsipidus —— 受上面启发,继续穷究,用利尿剂治疗尿崩,我一直没完全搞清楚机理。

8.Diabetes insipidus and claudin —— 就在盯着claudin isoform在肾小管分布的那一刹那,灵光一现发生了!把Lithium,nephrogenic diabetes insipidus和claudin放到pubmed一搜,结果是0,但是我好像想到了把他们串起来的思路,这意味着这是新idea!

在这段经历中,我发现idea产生是经历从一些对研究工具的兴趣(1,3),慢慢到一些很大的topic的模糊概念(4),再到一些实际应用(5),最后到现象-解释(6,7),最后回归到基本原理,推理出理论模型的缺陷,再结合自己的知识背景和技能,得出新想法(8)

虽然离要考qual还有整整大半年,但有了Idea之后,我就开始动笔写了(后来证明非常明智,因为后面突然知道要搬去Kansas,幸好早构思,把Qual提前了半年)。上面说的Specific aims比较抽象,下面我贴第二个小板凳:Specific aims第一稿

Claudins and Lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus (NDI) is a renal tubular disorder characterized polyuria,polydipsia, dehydration and inappropriate low urine osmolality. Lithium isprescribed for bipolar disorder and is known to cause NDI. (大致介绍NDI) Considerable amountof work has elucidated the pathogenesis of Lithium-induced NDI. (大背景过渡到目前所知)It has beenshown that Lithium enters the principle cell in the renal collecting duct viaepithelial sodium channel (ENaC), involves in several cell signaling pathways,decreases the apical expression of aquoporine-2 and results in polyuria. (目前模型)Yet,both patient and rat models have shown a profound natriuresis and loss ofcortex-medulla osmols gradient, which is not well explained by the knownmechanism. (理论缺陷)Claudin, a silent player in collecting duct transport through 。


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