宏观VS微观经济学：小白也可看懂的科普文

If you want to study economics, these two concepts may be the very first things you need to understand.

如果你想学习经济学，那么这两个概念也许是你需要应知道的。

Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two of the largest subdivisions of the study of economics wherein micro- refers to the observation of small economic units like the effects of government regulations on individual markets and consumer decision making and macro- refers to the "big picture" version of economics like how interest rates are determines and why some countries' economies grow faster than others'.

微观经济学和宏观经济学是经济学研究中最大的两个分支，其中微观指的是对小经济单位的研究，比如政府调控对个人市场跟消费者决策的制约，宏观则指的是经济学的“大局”版本，比如利率是怎样决定的，以及为什么一些国家的经济增长速度比其它国家快。

According to comedian P.J. O’Rourke, “microeconomics concerns things that e conomists are specifically wrong about, while macroeconomics concerns things e conomists are wrong about generally. Or to be more technical, microeconomics is about money you don’t have, and macroeconomics is about money the government is out of.”

喜剧演员欧鲁克说，“微观经济学关注的是经济学家的特殊错误，而宏观经济学则是关注经济学家的普遍错误。或者最准确地说，微观经济学是关于你没有的钱，宏观经济学是关于政府没有的钱。"

Although this humorous observation pokes fun at e conomists, the description is accurate. However, a closer observation of both fields of economic discourse will provide a better understanding of the basics of economic theory and study.

虽然这个搞笑的评论指责了经济学家，但是这些叙述是具体的。不管怎么说，更认真地观察这两个领域的经济语篇，将有助于更好地理解经济学理论跟研究的基础知识。

Microeconomics: Individual Markets

微观经济学：个体市场

Those who have studied Latin know that the prefix “micro-” means “small,” so it shouldn’t be surprising that microeconomics is the study of small economic units. The field of microeconomics is concerned with things like:

学过拉丁语的人都明白前缀“micro -”意味着“small(小)”，所以微观经济学是对小型经济单位的研究也就不足为奇了。微观经济学领域关注的事情比如：

consumer decision making and utility maximization

消费者决策与效用最大化

firm production and profit maximization

企业制造与成本最大化

individual market equilibrium

个体市场均衡

effects of government regulation on individual markets

政府调控对个体市场的制约

externalities and other market side effects

外部性与其它市场副作用

Put another way, microeconomics concerns itself with the behavior of individual markets, such as the markets for oranges, the market for cable television, or the market for skilled workers as opposed to the overall markets for produce, electronics, or the entire workforce. Microeconomics is essential for local governance, business and personal financing, specific stock investment research, and individual market predictions for venture capitalistic endeavors.

换句话说，微观经济学关注的是某些行业的行为，例如橘子市场、有线电视市场或技术工人市场，而不是生产、电子产品或整个劳动力的整体行业。微观经济学对于地方治理、商业和个人理财、特定股票投资研究并且个人市场对风险资本的预期都至关重要。

Macroeconomics: The Big Picture

宏观经济学：大局

Macroeconomics, on the other hand, can be thought of as the “big picture” version of economics. Rather than analyzing individual markets, macroeconomics focuses on aggregate production and consumption in an economy. Some topics that macroe conomists study include:

另一方面看懂宏观经济政策，宏观经济学可以被觉得是经济学的“大局”版本。宏观经济学不是分析单个行业，而是关注一个经济体的总制造和总消费。宏观经济学家研究的一些内容比如：

effects of general taxes such as income and sales taxes on output and prices

所得税、等通常税对数量跟价格的影响

causes of economic upswings and downturns

经济上升和下降的因素

effects of monetary and fiscal policy on economic health

货币和财政制度对经济健康的制约

effects of and process for determining interest rates

决定利率的影响跟过程

causes for some economies growing faster than other economies

一些经济体增长速度超过其它经济体的理由

To study economics at this level, researchers must be able to combine different goods and services produced in a way that reflects their relative contributions to aggregate output. This is generally done using the concept of the gross domestic product (GDP), and goods and services get weighted by their market prices.

要在这个层面上研究经济学，研究人员需要才能将不同的商品和服务结合出来，以体现他们对总产出的相对贡献。这往往是利用国内生产总值(GDP)的概念来推动的，商品和服务由其市场价格加权。

The Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

微观经济学与宏观经济学的关系

There is an obvious relationship between microeconomics and macroeconomics in that aggregate production and consumption levels are the result of choices made by individual households and firms, and some macroeconomic models explicitly make this connection by incorporating what are known as "microfoundations."

微观经济学与宏观经济学之间存在显著的联系看懂宏观经济政策，因为总体生产跟消费水平是个体家庭和企业作出选择的结果，而一些宏观经济模型通过纳入所谓的“微观基础”明确地推行了这些联系。

Most of the economic topics covered on television and in newspapers are of the macroeconomic variety, but it’s important to remember that economics is about more than just trying to figure out when the economy is going to improve and what the Fed is doing with interest rates, it's also about observing local economies and specific markets for goods and services.

电视跟杂志上包括的大部分经济主题都是关于宏观经济的多样性，但重要的是要记住经济学不仅仅是试着弄清楚经济何时会提高或者美联储在利率方面做了哪些，它还涉及观察当地经济跟特定行业的商品和服务。

Although many e conomists specialize in one field or the other, no matter which study one pursues, the other will have to be utilized in order to understand the implications of certain trends and conditions on both the micro and macro economic levels.

尽管许多经济学家专注于研究其中一个领域，但不论从事什么研究，都需要借助另一个领域，以便理解这些趋势和条件对微观和宏观经济水平的制约。

（翻译：雅兰）

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