Lambda the Ultimate

I think the real culprit behind the "poor performance" of GC languages is demonstrated in Quantifying the Performance of Garbage Collection vs. Explicit Memory Management, by Matthew Hertz and Emery D. Berger:

Garbage collection yields numerous software engineering benefits, but its quantitative impact on performance remains elusive. One can measure the cost of conservative garbage collection relative to explicit memory management in C/C++ programs by linking in an appropriate collector. This kind of direct comparison is not possible for languages designed for garbage collection (e.g., Java), because programs in these languages naturally do not contain calls to free. Thus, the actual gap between the time and space performance of explicit memory management and precise, copying garbage collection remains unknown.

We take the first steps towards quantifying the performance of precise garbage collection versus explicit memory management. We present a novel experimental methodology that lets us treat unaltered Java programs as if they used explicit memory management. Our system generates exact object reachability information by processing heap traces with the Merlin algorithm [34, 35]. It then re-executes the program,invoking free on objects just before they become unreachable. Since this point is the latest that a programmer could explicitly free objectsexplicit memory, our approach conservatively approximates explicit memory management. By executing inside an architecturally-detailed simulator, this “oracular” memory manager eliminates the effects of trace processing while measuring the costs of calling malloc and free.

We compare explicit memory management to both copying and non-copying garbage collectors across a range of benchmarks, and include real (non-simulated) runs that validate our results. These results quantify the time-space tradeoff of garbage collection: with five times as much memory, an Appel-style generational garbage collector with a non-copying mature space matches the performance of explicit memory management. With only three times as much memory, it runs on average 17% slower than explicit memory management. However, with only twice as much memory, garbage collection

degrades performance by nearly 70%. When physical memory is scarce, paging causes garbage collection to run an order of magnitude slower than explicit memory management.

Overall, generational collectors can add up to 50% space overhead and 5-10% runtime overheads if we ignore virtual memory. Very reasonable given the software engineering benefits. However, factoring in virtual memory with its attendant faulting paints a very different picture in section 5.2:

These graphs show that, for reasonable ranges of available memory (but not enough to hold the entire application), both explicit memory managers substantially outperform all of the garbage collectors. For instance, pseudoJBB running with 63MB of available memory and the Lea allocator completes in 25 seconds. With the same amount of available memory and using GenMS, it takes more than ten times longer to complete (255 seconds). We see similar trends across the benchmark suite. The most pronounced case is javac: at 36MB with the Lea allocator, total execution time is 14 seconds,while with GenMSexplicit memory, total execution time is 211 seconds, over a 15-fold increase.

The culprit here is garbage collection activity, which visits far more pages than the application itself [60]

indicate that no more data will be put on this queue by the current process. the background thread will quit once it has flushed all buffered data to the pipe. this is called automatically when the queue is garbage collected.。that said, you can speed up beautiful soup quite a lot by only parsing the parts of the document you need, and youcan make unneeded objects get garbage-collected by using.。that said, you can speed up beautiful soup quite a lot byonly parsing the parts of the document you need, and you can make unneeded objects get garbage-collected by using.。

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