通用解决方案：Ubuntu 16.04无损分区大小调整工具Gparted

在Linux中，当我们将新硬盘添加到系统中时，我们无法使用它，因为尚未对其进行分区和格式化，只有在对新硬盘进行分区和格式化之后，才能将其安装在特定目录中。 ，我们必须学习三种硬盘分区工具，即fdisk，gdisk和parted。它们分别用于MBR分区格式，GPT分区格式和高级分区工具（可以对以上两种进行分区，使用起来也比较复杂），请参阅MBR和GPT的硬盘结构基础。

fdisk（MBR）

fdisk

-l / dev / sdX查看硬盘分区信息

-c（centos6)启用或禁用Dos模式

-u（centos6)用于切换显示的单位（扇区/圆柱体）

-c（centos7)-c = dos -c = nondos

-u（centos7)-u =圆柱体-u =扇形

fdisk / dev / sdX用于分区

m帮助

n创建分区

d删除分区

p显示分区信息

t转换分区类型

设置/取消指定分区的活动分区

L视图分区类型

o重建分区表

v验证分区表并显示未按分区进行分区的剩余扇区数

g创建GPT格式的分区（centos7)

q不保存即退出，不保存，所有修改将不生效

w退出并保存

[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb                         
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Disk /dev/sdb: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes　　-------------------------硬盘大小
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65270 cylinders　　------------------------磁头数，每磁道扇区数，柱面数
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes　　--------------------每柱面大小
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes　　---------------扇区大小
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000　　-----------------------------------------未分区磁盘

[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb   --------------------------磁盘分区
WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdb'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x52ce01ab.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): m ------------------------查看帮助
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): n   ------------------------------添加一个分区
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p　　　　　　---------------------------------------------添加主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1　　----------------------------磁盘编号1，即：sdb1
First cylinder (1-65270, default 1): -------------------开始位置，不填写，默认就行
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-65270, default 65270): +20G -----------填写大小
Command (m for help): p  --------------------------------查看刚刚的分区
Disk /dev/sdb: 536.9 GB, 536870912000 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 65270 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x52ce01ab
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        2612    20980858+  83  Linux　　-----------------创建了一个分区

Command (m for help): l  ------------------查看可用的分区类型
 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           39  Plan 9          82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      3c  PartitionMagic  83  Linux             DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       40  Venix 80286     84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      41  PPC PReP Boot   85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        42  SFS             86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           4d  QNX4.x          87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS       4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    50  OnTrack DM      93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       52  CP/M            9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55  EZ-Drive        a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            56  Golden Bow      a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    5c  Priam Edisk     a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 61  SpeedStor       a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 63  GNU HURD or Sys ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    64  Novell Netware  af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 65  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
18  AST SmartSleep  70  DiskSecure Mult b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1
Command (m for help): 

Command (m for help): w　　-----------------------保存并退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

gdisk（GPT）

gdisk

-l / dev / sdX查看分区信息

gdisk

（？| m）帮助

n创建分区

d删除分区

c更改分区名称

我显示分区的详细信息

p显示分区信息

t转换分区类型

设置/取消指定分区的活动分区

l检查分区类型

o重建分区表

v验证分区表并显示未按分区划分的剩余扇区数

qExit不保存，不保存，所有修改都不会生效

w退出并保存

Gdisk用于创建GPT分区。我们可以看到gdisk和fdisk的开头有些不同。

[root@CT6 ~]# gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 0.8.10
Partition table scan:
  MBR: not present
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: present
Found valid GPT with corrupt MBR; using GPT and will write new
protective MBR on save.
Command (? for help): 

一个GPT分区

Command (? for help): o
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1048576000 sectors, 500.0 GiB ----------------磁盘大小，显示扇区数
Logical sector size: 512 bytes　　---------------------------扇区大小
Disk identifier (GUID): E072194E-DA-449B-9CF9-E5171235E6D3 
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1048575966 -------------------第一个有用的扇区在34，最后一个有用的扇区在104857966
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 1048575933 sectors (500.0 GiB)
Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
Command (? for help):

更改磁盘类型

Command (? for help): t　　------------------------------------------更改磁盘类型
Using 1
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8e00
Changed type of partition to 'Linux LVM'　　-------------------------更改为"Linux LVM"
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1048576000 sectors, 500.0 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): E072194E-DA-449B-9CF9-E5171235E6D3
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 1048575966
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 838860733 sectors (400.0 GiB)
Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            2048       209717247   100.0 GiB   8E00  Linux LVM ------------------------ 改过了
Command (? for help): 

查看磁盘时，首先需要查看磁盘所处的分区格式。如果是MBR分区格式，则最好使用fdisk -l（如果它是GPT分区格式的硬盘） ，我们使用gdisk -l来看看。由于fdisk在查看GPT格式的磁盘时最多可以看到2T，因此无法查看任何数量的磁盘分区，并且会发生错误。

parted（高级分区工具）

parted命令是由GNU组织开发的功能强大的磁盘分区和分区大小调整工具。与fdisk不同，它支持调整分区的大小。作为专为Linux设计的工具，它不能处理与fdisk相关的多种分区类型，但可以处理最常见的分区格式，包括：ext2、ext3、fat16、fat32、NTFS， ReiserFS，JFS，XFS，UFS，HFS和Linux交换分区。

分手

-h显示帮助信息

-l显示磁盘信息

-s脚本模式，不提示用户

-v显示版本号

[root@CT6 ~]# parted -h 
Usage: parted [OPTION]... [DEVICE [COMMAND [PARAMETERS]...]...]
Apply COMMANDs with PARAMETERS to DEVICE.  If no COMMAND(s) are given, run in
interactive mode.
OPTIONs:
  -h, --help                      displays this help message
  -l, --list                      lists partition layout on all block devices
  -m, --machine                   displays machine parseable output
  -s, --script                    never prompts for user intervention
  -v, --version                   displays the version
  -a, --align=[none|cyl|min|opt]  alignment for new partitions
COMMANDs:
  align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt)
        alignment
  check NUMBER                             do a simple check on the file system
  cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER   copy file system to another partition
　　... ...

[root@CT6 ~]# parted -l 
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 215GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system     Flags
 1      1049kB  1075MB  1074MB  primary   ext4            boot
 2      1075MB  54.8GB  53.7GB  primary   ext4
 3      54.8GB  108GB   53.7GB  primary   ext4
 4      108GB   215GB   106GB   extended
 5      108GB   113GB   4295MB  logical   linux-swap(v1)
 6      113GB   134GB   21.5GB  logical

划分了/ dev / sdX分区

mklabel label_type设置分区格式（MBR，GPT）

mkpart part-type [fs-type]开始结束（单位Mb）设置分区

打印以查看分区信息

help [command]查看如何使用命令[command]

rm num删除分区

设置数字标志状态设置标志（引导，根，交换）状态（打开，关闭）

退出退出

开始分区

[root@CT6 ~]# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 2.1
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) 

查看帮助

(parted) help                                                             
  align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
  check NUMBER                             do a simple check on the file system
  cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER   copy file system to another partition
  help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND　　--------------------查看命令如何使用
  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)　　------------------设置磁盘类型
  mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE                      make a FS-TYPE file system on partition NUMBER
  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition　　-------------------------------------------磁盘分区
  mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END     make a partition with a file system
  move NUMBER START END                    move partition NUMBER
  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME
  print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]     display the partition table, available devices, --------------查看分区
        free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
  quit                                     exit program
  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END
  resize NUMBER START END                  resize partition NUMBER and its file system
  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER　　-----------------------------------删除分区
  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit
  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT
  version                                  display the version number and copyright
        information of GNU Parted
(parted)          

(parted) help mklabel                                                     
  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)
        LABEL-TYPE is one of: aix, amiga, bsd, dvh, gpt, mac, msdos, pc98, sun, loop --------------可以设置的类型
(parted)                                                                  

(parted) mklabel gpt　　------------------------------设置GPT分区
(parted) print                                                            
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Number  Start  End  Size  File system  Name  Flags
(parted) 

(parted) help mkpart           ----------------------------------查看分区命令如何用                                           
  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition
        PART-TYPE is one of: primary, logical, extended
        FS-TYPE is one of: ext4, ext3, ext2, fat32, fat16, hfsx, hfs+, hfs, jfs, swsusp,
        linux-swap(v1), linux-swap(v0), ntfs, reiserfs, hp-ufs, sun-ufs, xfs, apfs2, apfs1,
        asfs, amufs5, amufs4, amufs3, amufs2, amufs1, amufs0, amufs, affs7, affs6, affs5,
        affs4, affs3, affs2, affs1, affs0, linux-swap, linux-swap(new), linux-swap(old)
        START and END are disk locations, such as 4GB or 10%.  Negative values count from
        the end of the disk.  For example, -1s specifies exactly the last sector.
        
        'mkpart' makes a partition without creating a new file system on the partition.
        FS-TYPE may be specified to set an appropriate partition ID.
(parted) mkpart primary 0 200G 　　-------------------------------------------------设置分区
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
Ignore/Cancel? ignore                                                     
(parted) print                   -----------------------------------------------------查看分区                                         
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 537GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Number  Start   End    Size   File system  Name     Flags
 1      17.4kB  200GB  200GB               primary　　　　-------------------------------分区大小
(parted) quit                                                             
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab. 

此命令是实时有效命令。当我们划分一个区域时，它可以直接生效而不结束它。与fdisk和gdisk不同，fdisk和gdisk在保存并生效之前需要退出。

lsblk

列出阻止设备

lsblk命令用于列出所有可用块设备的信息，它也可以显示它们之间的依赖关系，但不会列出RAM磁盘的信息。块设备包括硬盘，闪存盘，CD-ROM等。

例如：

lsblk / dev / sdb

[root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /app
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part 
├─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda6   8:6    0   20G  0 part 

检查内核是否已识别新分区：

cat / proc / partations

[root@CT6 ~]# cat /proc/partitions 
major minor  #blocks  name
   8        0  209715200 sda
   8        1    1048576 sda1
   8        2   52428800 sda2
   8        3   52428800 sda3
   8        4          1 sda4
   8        5    4194304 sda5
   8        6   20980890 sda6
   8       16  524288000 sdb
   8       17  195312483 sdb1

在对原始硬盘的未使用空间进行分区之后，它已在物理设备上完成，可以使用fdisk -l查看，但是内存信息中没有新的分区信息。这时，我们需要手动更新分区表。在centOS6中使用partx，在5或7中使用partprobe（在6中具有BUG）

partx -a / dev / sda更新内存中的磁盘分区表信息

partx -d --nr 6 / dev / sda删除内存中已删除的第六个分区的信息

一开始，我们有五个分区，无论是内存中的信息还是物理硬盘中的信息

[root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda          
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /app
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part 
└─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]

[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^/dev/sda*"
/dev/sda1   *           1         131     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2             131        6658    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            6658       13185    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda4           13185       26109   103808000    5  Extended
/dev/sda5           13186       13708     4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris

接下来，我们创建一个分区

Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (13185-26109, default 13185): 14000
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (14000-26109, default 26109): +10G
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 214.7 GB, 214748364800 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 26108 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0007a903
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1         131     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2             131        6658    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            6658       13185    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda4           13185       26109   103808000    5  Extended
/dev/sda5           13186       13708     4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6           14000       15305    10490444+  83  Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

完成区域划分后，如上所示，红色字体显示，刚刚划分的区域尚未读入内存，这意味着我们可以通过fdisk读取，但不能通过lsblk读取

[root@CT6 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda | grep "^/dev/sda.*"
/dev/sda1   *           1         131     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2             131        6658    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda3            6658       13185    52428800   83  Linux
/dev/sda4           13185       26109   103808000    5  Extended
/dev/sda5           13186       13708     4194304   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6           14000       15305    10490444+  83  Linux
[root@CT6 ~]# lsblk /dev/sda
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0   50G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0   50G  0 part /app
├─sda4   8:4    0    1K  0 part 
└─sda5   8:5    0    4G  0 part [SWAP]

接下来，我们更新分区信息

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